Wednesday 31 August 2011

What Rising inflation and rising Unemployment in US indicate?

Economists tell us that when Economy grows, employment grows and rising of the inflation is expected in this scenario. It was told that the rise of inflation and rise of deficit budget is good thing for a growing economy. Opposite also is observed for example in 2009 when the US economy shrank, there was negative inflation and sudden rise of unemployment.
So the known pattern is that expanding economy brings reduction of Unemployment and increase in Inflation.
2011 has broken that pattern.
US economy is stagnant [around 1% growth], Inflation is rising [the table from Inflation Data provides 10 years data ] and Unemployment too is rising [in fact it is already close to 2009 figure]
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Ave
2011
1.63%
2.11%
2.68%
3.16%
3.57%
3.56%
3.63%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2010
2.63%
2.14%
2.31%
2.24%
2.02%
1.05%
1.24%
1.15%
1.14%
1.17%
1.14%
1.50%
1.64%
2009
0.03%
0.24%
-0.38%
-0.74%
-1.28%
-1.43%
-2.10%
-1.48%
-1.29%
-0.18%
1.84%
2.72%
-0.34%
2008
4.28%
4.03%
3.98%
3.94%
4.18%
5.02%
5.60%
5.37%
4.94%
3.66%
1.07%
0.09%
3.85%
2007
2.08%
2.42%
2.78%
2.57%
2.69%
2.69%
2.36%
1.97%
2.76%
3.54%
4.31%
4.08%
2.85%
2006
3.99%
3.60%
3.36%
3.55%
4.17%
4.32%
4.15%
3.82%
2.06%
1.31%
1.97%
2.54%
3.24%
2005
2.97%
3.01%
3.15%
3.51%
2.80%
2.53%
3.17%
3.64%
4.69%
4.35%
3.46%
3.42%
3.39%
2004
1.93%
1.69%
1.74%
2.29%
3.05%
3.27%
2.99%
2.65%
2.54%
3.19%
3.52%
3.26%
2.68%
2003
2.60%
2.98%
3.02%
2.22%
2.06%
2.11%
2.11%
2.16%
2.32%
2.04%
1.77%
1.88%
2.27%
2002
1.14%
1.14%
1.48%
1.64%
1.18%
1.07%
1.46%
1.80%
1.51%
2.03%
2.20%
2.38%
1.59%
2001
3.73%
3.53%
2.92%
3.27%
3.62%
3.25%
2.72%
2.72%
2.65%
2.13%
1.90%
1.55%
2.83%
2000
2.74%
3.22%
3.76%
3.07%
3.19%
3.73%
3.66%
3.41%
3.45%
3.45%
3.45%
3.39%
3.38%
Note: Red indicates Deflation, NA indicates data not yet released.

US Unemployment Rate [source: http://www.forecasts.org/unemploy.htm]
 So what do all these indicate?
Experts warn that these data mean higher taxes, cut in entitlement and welfare schemes and erosion of value of US dollar and treasury bonds. Taxes did not increase yet, but cuts are coming in. Downgrade of S&P credit rating to AA+ already impacted dollar price in international market. Another effect that people are wary of is rise of Fed interest rate. If the economy and inflation continue the same trajectory, to retain investor's interest, Govt. may be forced to increase Fed interest rate.
Now question is this: will you trust these prediction from experts and worry to high BP, sleeplessness, stress, more visits to your therapist and finally reduced life-span? Or will you leave everything to your fate and enjoy your morning coffee and newspaper?
For those who belong to first category, Scientific American has an interesting story to tell. They cite a 'study in the journal Economics and Portfolio Strategy that tracked 452 managed funds from 1990 to 2009, finding that only 13 beat the market average.' They argue that Financial prediction always fails and no one can make a realistic prediction. Economics Nobel laureate Paul Samuelson long ago noted in a 1966 Newsweek column: “Commentators quote economic studies alleging that market downturns predicted four out of the last five recessions. That is an understatement. Wall Street indexes predicted nine out of the last five recessions!” Quoting the article, "The world is a messy, complex and contingent place with countless intervening variables and confounding factors, which our brains are not equipped to evaluate." and therefore expert predictions fare 'little better than “a dart-throwing chimpanzee.” '
Dan Gardner's recent book, named Future Babble where he argued why prediction about future disastrously fails and why experts still make predictions and why we still believe in those prediction, could be a good stress buster if you are still worried.

Tuesday 30 August 2011

Mounting global debt and the way further

[cntd from previous post]
It does not appear that there is an easy way out.  During 1945-47 when US gross debt crossed the GDP figure they went for large-scale infrastructure development across the country. That in turn spurred sustained growth of economy which finally brought down the Debt/GDP ratio to 32% and made US a technology super-power. The question is what will they do this time? What will Europe do? Looking at the austerity measures of  Govt of UK and US, it seems that they are not sure. They are trying to restrain their expenses, cutting down their public expenditure in order to bring their overall deficit and hoping that somehow once they are in control of the expenses, the economy will slowly recover. People argue that it is slower path and recovery is not guranteed in the long run.
Harvard thinktank suggests that US should invest in innovation in a big way. HBR article argues that it was competition that was the hallmark of US growth. It is the high-tech sector that over the last few decades created the edge and competitiveness of US economy. They, however, showed that in the high-tech sector US trade-deficit drastically went up [ as much as 53% by 2007] since 2000. Outsourcing manufacturing for high tech goods to Asian countries [China, Taiwan, Malayasia] has ridden them of crucial ability to innovate and get better against their competition with better and advanced products. If they must get their economy back to normal, they must focus all their energy together in nurturing competition and innovation. They brought the concept of Commons, the valley of technology workers, which in actual sense, created the ability of the industry to compete and come up with better products. They believed that over the years in the name of focusing on core competency, US companies created a void in the skill requirement that drive innovation and with the depleted requirement, technical resources migrated to different areas. That in turn made these companies lose their ability to innovate. Coming years will tell if US Govt accepted the Harvard line or they chose different plan but as of now, experts in US believe that US is heading towards slower recovery path even with new stimulus package from Fed. For record, here is the Fed Reserve Bank Chairman, Ben Bernanke's latest speech at Jackson Hole.
Eurozone's problem is little deeper, there is lot of gaussian noise in the system without the emergence of any clear direction. With many soverign countries, each at different junctures and assessment of the problem, it is even a question whether Euro monetary model will survive this crisis.
    With the developed countries struggling to take their economies out of red, it is obvious that onus to drive the growth of world economy squarely falls on the shoulders of developing countries, particularly, China, Brazil and India. But are these countries really ready to lift this heavy burden? China and India both have been experiencing high inflation for last one year. Both of late have projected slower growth rate this year. For the first quarter of 2011-2012, India clocked 7.7% overall GDP growth compoared to 9.1% from last year. RBI incidentally downgraded growth projection for Indian economy to 8% from earlier projection of 8.5% for this year and next. RBI also said that inflation is likely to remain above 7% for next 12 months riding on high global inflation. China and Brazil also are facing high inflation overall. Added to that is the pain of corruption in high institutions in these countries.
Dan Rodrick, an expert from Harvard said that India and China must incentivize Innovation if they want to achieve robust economic growth during the next decade. India and China, both for instance are promoting renewable energy sector but what we are seeing today is more of adoption of technologies developed in developed countries compared to developing new technologies. Fact is traditionally [and till date] these countries have been technology adopters rather than technology creators. So it would be a challenge for these countries to create a path for technology innovation. What happens if these countries fail to create ecosystem that foster technology innovation?
There is a substantial risk of these countries becoming the growth market for developed countries. With slow growth of their economies, there are chances that both US and Eurozone will coerce the developing countries to allow open access to the markets of these countries [which the BRIC has resisted this far]. Last time this happened, the countries like India and China were collonies to British empire and industries in UK grew at the expense of the home-grown Cottage Industries in both these countries. If that kind of market access happens again, India and China will retrace their path in the history, though in a new format. IP protection will be the weapon in the new turf.
As an Indian I only can hope that Indian industry leaders come together and convince the Government to create incentive schemes for creating technology innovations and adopt the path themselves even if it means higher short-term profitability risks for them.

The month of August that shook the world

Now that we are almost at the end of this month let us take a moment and look back. The month of August, changed many things, as we know and witnessed many moments that defined history.
  • Muammar Qaddafi lost out to the rebels/NATO force in Libya ending his rule of last 42 years.
  • India Cricket team lost their no.1 Test team position in a spectacular fashion.  
  • A 74-year young man showed the Indians how to push the juggernaut of Indian political system.
  • S&P, for the first time in the history since the rating system came to be, downgraded US credit rating and World economy inched closer to another tumble.
  • After S&P downgraded US credit rating to AA+ this month, Moody downgraded Japan's credit rating to AA3 last week. Japan's prime minister resigned and Japan got a new prime minister.
  • This August, official national debt for US hit $14.53 trillion which is 100% of US GDP of last year [source: AFP].  This is the first time since 1947.
  • As per 2010 figure total debt that the human population carrying is around $160 trillion. With world population of around 6.7 billion it means that every person is carrying in average a debt of $24000!
Too many bad news on financial front. Are we going for another economic collapse? The Economist Global debt clock shows half of the world in red [and the figures are dated as far as 2010]. With GDP growth getting jettisoned across globe, it is quite obvious that the situation is not going to look any rosier tomorrow. Greece, Spain, Italy, England all are struggling to get a hold of their expenditure. But why this is such a big issue?  Scaled down ruthlessly, this to me looks like a man with annual income of X carrying a loan of 2X or 2.5X. I mean consider US, their total debt is almost same as their income i.e. production measured in US dollar.  I know many people, carrying a loan of 6X or more and they are doing well. Well I do not know their credit rating though. But it is obvious that they may not get another loan at lower interest rate till they bring their outstanding debt down to a level that is somewhat closer to their income. But it is still not a big problem, unless of course that person has difficulty meeting his annual expense [loan repayment included] with his present income. If that happens and with no promises of hike of income, the situation does pose a problem for that borrower, since his/her outstanding loan will continue to increase every year posing the risk of him being a defaulter. Creditworthiness or credit rating in many sense gives a measure of risk of defaulting for the borrower. In other words, S&P and Moody are saying that they believe that with lower or negative GDP growth, both US and Japan have increased their risk of defaulting on their loan repayment. And if US, Japan, and Europe together default, the present economy system that we know of, will collapse. Which means certainty of US dollar, UK pound or Euros will go away. That necessarily means that the control that these countries [particularly Europe and US] impose on the world order will be lost leading to another anarchy [last one we witnessed during WW II]. Pretty frightful to imagine!
So what is the way out? 
Let me take that in next post [realized that long post does not make it easy for reading]. In the meantime here is an interesting article from Gulf News on the issue of Global debt .

Thursday 25 August 2011

Corruption in India and Corporate Governance

In the backdrop of Mr.Anna Hazare's heoric fast  for Jan Lokpal Bill which ignited the imagination of middle-class, I wanted to bring a related but less-talked about aspect of corruption in India. Corruption in Govt offices has got media glare and rightly is the subject of Jan Lokpal Bill. But the part that is left out is the truth that the money that corrupts the Govt. offices largely come from corporate sector. Many of the corporate heads would argue that a company has only one goal: increasing shareholder's value. To increase shareholder value, company must grow revenue and profit. Faster the growth [compared to its competition], more the value returned to its stakeholder. When there is cut-throat competition in the market, growing faster than others require the company to find means to influence the decision-makers overtly and covertly . When everything is transparent, companies have no option but to play by rule but when the enviroment is opaque with many hidden rules, a company will have to use those hidden rules to grow faster than the others. So it is really the stock market that drives the corporate use unconventional means and sometimes cross the line.
Is that a good defence? The answer will change depending on which side of the line you are. But reality tells us that across the world, corporates often failed to live up to high ethical standard when the going got difficult for them. The case of Enron, Financial Crisis in US and Europe, Global Trust bank, Satyam and many more in India tells us that there are far too many instances to gloss over.
It is common knowledge that in any electoral democracy, the cost of electoral campaign is borne out of corporate donation to a large extent. Now why would a company donate for a candidate? In the corporate world free lunch as a concept does not exist, let alone a freeloader. So when a company spends money on a candidate it is imperative that it expects something in return and there the story follows. Further corporate dole follows dole to the company through Govt. policies and omission of statutiory procedures. Gradually the symbiosis between corporates, bureaucracy and political powers grows and slowly takes over every function of Govt. aparatus. There you have a working model of modern-day electoral democracy.
It is obvious that without a cleaner corporate governance, the nation cannot aspire to bring down the menace of corruption. How does the Indian corporate sector look at this issue?  Here we have the 2010 survey report titled "Enhancing Transparency and Accountability in Indian Corporates" from KPMG and ASSOCHAM. One of the startling data that this report throws is
  •  75% of the audience said that Fraud in Corporate India is rising
  • 45% said that suspected/actual Fraud in their organizations are rising
"Weak internal control systems, eroding ethical values and a reluctance on the part of the line managers to take decisive action against the perpetrators are cited as the most vital underlying reasons for fraud being on the rise.", the report said.
It clearly identified that in India both regulation and ethical standard is less stringent and is a weakness in the system. This table provides an intersting comparison between India and US [borrowed]

Aspect of Governance
India
US
Board Performance evaluation
Recommended
Mandatory
Whistle blowing
Recommended
Mandatory
Executive sessions of Independent Directors

Mandatory
Disclosure of Board/committee charters


Mandatory
Majority Independent Directors
50% only if the CEO is board of Chair
Mandatory

As it is evident in India many of the crucial aspect of governance is not mandated by the Law. KPMG survey identified the weak regulatory mandates and low respect for the shareholding community as two major reason behind the poor accountability in Indian Governance structure. Many of the Governance failures are attributed to scenario in India where the promoter/owner override is an accepted norm.
The report ended with few recommendations. Many of those are about incorporating and strengthening Independent board members. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has proposed the New Companies Bill which aims to improve corporate governance by vesting greater powers in shareholders. Additionally the proposed Companies Bill heralds an era of shareholder democracy through an emphasis on self regulation, minimization of regulatory approvals and, increased and more transparent disclosures.
Shareholder activism is unheard of in Indian context but that is the way forward if we are to get rid of corruption/unethical practises in corporate sector. Here the middleclass really can make a lot of difference since most of the corporate workers belong to this section of the society.